Isis fighters were increasingly using Mad Max-style suicide vehicles and commercial drones armed with grenades in their defence of the Iraqi town of Mosul, Australia's defence chief said.
Australian Defence Force Chief Mark Binskin likened the vehicles used by the Islamic State against Iraqi government troops to those featured in the George Miller-directed post-apocalyptic movie franchise.
Multiple attacks by explosive vehicles were the group's first line of defence, Binskin told a Senate committee.
"These could come as just vehicles that are loaded (with explosives), but more likely now in what you would hear termed 'Mad Max vehicles' - lots of steel around them, small slits for the drivers to see and they're predominantly suicide attacks," Binskin said.
The militants were also increasing using publicly available drones armed with grenades and other small weapons over the urban environment of west Mosul.
Binskin said Iraqi troops use a range of tactics against such attacks, but he declined to detail them.The threat was "enough to create havoc and if you're in the wrong spot, kill you," Binskin said.
"They are limited in what they can do, but in close-in, urban fighting, they have the range to create problems for the assaulting force," Binskin said.
Iraqi forces launched a push to take the western half of Mosul from Isis last week, and have so far captured the city's international airport and a sprawling military base next to it as well some neighbourhoods from the southern edge.
Iraq declared eastern Mosul "fully liberated" in January, after three months of fierce fighting.
Australia provides fighter jets to the U.S.-led coalition that supports Iraqi troops.
